Western Balkans: Mixed Migration Trends and Dynamics
2022 saw the highest number of migrants and refugees detected at the EU’s external borders since 2016. Most originated from Central and South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. […]
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture
The objective of the present Protocol is to establish a system of regular visits undertaken by independent international and national bodies to places where people are deprived of their liberty, […]
Basic training manual on investigating and prosecuting the smuggling of migrants
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is aware of the fact that law enforcement measures alone cannot prevent the smuggling of migrants. If they are not part […]
Annual Risk Analysis 2025/2026
This Annual Risk Analysis presents a comprehensive, evidence-based view of the pressures and threats at the EU’s external frontiers. Our role is not simply to react to emerging risks but […]
‘Refugees’ and ‘Migrants’ – Frequently Asked Questions
Although it is becoming increasingly common to see the terms ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ used interchangeably in media and public discussions, there is a crucial legal difference between the two. Confusing […]
Criminal Procedure Code
This Code establishes rules whose goal is to ensure that no innocent person is convicted, and that the perpetrator of a criminal offense is sentenced to a criminal sanction under […]
